References

Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles

Anderson, N. E., & Kiehl, K. A. (2014). Psychopathy: Developmental perspectives and their implications for treatment. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 32(1), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-139001

Glass, S. J., & Newman, J. P. (2009). Emotion processing in the criminal psychopath: The role of attention in emotion-facilitated memory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014866

Horley, J. (2014). The emergence and development of psychopathy. History of the Human Sciences, 27(5), 91–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695114541864

Kiehl, K. A., & Hoffman, M. B. (2011). The criminal psychopath: History, neuroscience, treatment, and economics. Jurimetrics, 51, 355–397. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4059069/

Patrick, C. J., Hicks, B. M., Nichol, P. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2007). A bifactor approach to modeling the structure of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(2), 118–141. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2007.21.2.118

Penagos-Corzo, J. C., Cosio van-Hasselt, M., Escobar, D., Vázquez-Roque, R. A., & Flores, G. (2022). Mirror neurons and empathy-related regions in psychopathy: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and a working model. Social Neuroscience, 17(5), 462–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2022.2128868

Sanz-García, A., Gesteira, C., Sanz, J., & García-Vera, M. P. (2021). Prevalence of psychopathy in the general adult population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 661044. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661044

Additional Resources and Articles

Hare, R. D. (1996). Psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder: A case of diagnostic confusion. Psychiatric Times, 13(2), 39–40. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychopathy-and-antisocial-personality-disorder-case-diagnostic-confusion

Torrico, T. J., & Hany, M. (2026). Antisocial personality disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546673/

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I used ChatGPT as a supplemental tool to help organize and condense my own writing, identify redundancy, improve flow, and check formatting and citation practices. I also used it to clarify concepts from research articles that I had already selected and reviewed, and to help organize connections and ideas I had already developed from my research. I reviewed and revised all AI-assisted suggestions to ensure that the final content reflects my own understanding, research, and writing. I take full responsibility for the final submission.